http://www.atalasoft.com/cs/blogs/rickm/archive/2008/12/23/how-will-you-parallelize-your-existing-codebase-try-r-a-s-p.aspx

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How will you parallelize your existing codebase? Try R.A.S.P.

There
has been much talk of how we will be writing all of our new code with
parallelization in mind.  However, what of our existing code?  It’s
unlikely that everyone will just suddenly dump decades of existing code
and write everything from scratch.  In this article I’m going to
provide a simple methodology for how we might deal with the ever
building problem of parallelizing our existing mountains of code. 
Comments and contributions are welcome.

Methodologies of the Past

From
the STL to .NET, the frameworks we have constructed our applications
around have been heavily dependent on the idea of an application having
a single thread.  Given that the foundation of what we have all been
using for a very long time was constructed around this preconception,
it’s unreasonable to expect that much of our existing code will ever be
fully parallel.  Even those that wrote code on top of a thread safe
framework may find that years of patches and and poor design decisions
make ground up parallelization impossible.

If we set our
expectations reasonably, we see that we should instead focus on
leveraging parallelism to improve the performance of the slowest parts
of our software.  From this viewpoint, parallelization is an
optimization problem.  Like all optimization, the difficulty of
parallelizing code will have much to do with the methodologies which
were used to write it.  

Of course, object-oriented code being written with modern S.O.L.I.D. principles
and will be easier to parallelize than older procedural code.  At the
same time, a poorly organized codebase or poorly written code will
always make change difficult and so also hard to parallelize.  This is
why well written code is worth the investment.  We will see the
investment paying off in spades for the companies who have bothered to
care about code quality.  Others who find they have spaghetti code
under the hood will find they will need to deeply segregate and
modularize before parallelization is possible.

A Methodology for Revisiting the Past

In
most cases it would be a poor choice to implement your own threading
API.  Efficient and easy to use parallelization APIs are coming to (or
already part of) every commonly used language and framework.  Most of
these APIs are not only built on top of years of research,
they also have been written and debugged by a large number of people
with specific expertise.  These APIs are a godsend because they will
allow most developers to parallelize existing software with a minimum
amount of pain.  The parallelization of existing code bases will be
much the same as any other kind of performance tuning. 

The
key will be using a profiler to identify places in the code that would
be sped up by parallelization and leveraging these new APIs to take
advantage of the available hardware.  The exciting part is that this
can be done with any existing profiler and many existing APIs.  The
unfortunate part is that because memory sharing is such a big issue,
parallelization requires a degree of separation beyond other types of
optimization and so is likely to require some amount of refactoring.

Not
all types of performance problems are conducive to being solved by
parallelization, careful evaluation of the problem at hand is
required.  Also, as with anything that requires significant code
change, building a solid test fixture is key to introducing as few bugs
as possible.  By leveraging the ideas of avoiding premature optimization, pragmatic unit testing, using existing APIs, and mindful refactoring it will be possible to introduce parallelization into many already existing projects with a manageable amount of risk.

What is RASP?

While not included in the acronym, the first step in any kind of optimization is profiling. 
Before you can begin to parallelize your code, you must determine where
the bottlenecks might be.  A broadly defined list of parallelizable
things to look for would be, to quote Rich Hickey,
“independent data/work, moderate-to-course-grained work units and/or
complex coordination logic that would be simplified with threads”.  A
couple quick examples of low hanging fruit to be on the lookout for
would be slow iterative loops and blocking I/O.  It is important to
note that as a general guideline it would be wrong to parallelize
anything if it would not significantly increase the speed of your
software.

For each of the bottlenecks found while profiling, parallelization is best separated into four steps:

As
the specifics of what each of these would entail depends greatly on
exactly which platform and language is in use, I will not go into them
deeply now.  Overall, it’s a simple methodology but I think both
sufficient for the task at hand and broadly applicable. 

Conclusion

Review,
Anchor, Separate, Parallelize.  It’s not intended to be a difficult
concept but instead to provide a simple path to parallelization.  I
would be very interested in hearing about any opinions on what RASP
might be missing or how it may be better clarified.  While I didn’t
have time to discuss them deeply in this post, parallelization patterns
are also a key concept in using RASP as if you can’t easily identify
what can be parallelized than it would be impossible to use any
parallelization methodology.  In the future I hope flush out RASP
further as well as discuss parallelization patterns in depth.

Debugging OutOfMemoryExceptions in managed code using Windbg

http://blogs.msdn.com/amolravande/archive/2008/12/16/debugging-outofmemoryexceptions-in-managed-code-using-windbg.aspx

Query Data with Parallel LINQ

http://blogs.msdn.com/charlie/archive/2008/12/15/query-data-with-parallel-linq.aspx

 http://blogs.msdn.com/charlie/archive/2008/12/03/jeff-richter-video-on-asynchronous-programming-and-his-power-threading-library.aspx